Take quiz on Fluid mechanics| come to Civil engineering

Quiz on CAD Lab

---

Text and reference books.

1. Autocad 2022 Training Guide

2. AutoCAD 2024: A Power Guide for Beginners and Intermediate Users

3. AutoCAD 2021 For Beginners by CADFolks

---

Building plan

1. What is retaining wall ?

1. A retaining wall is a structure designed and constructed to hold or retain soil behind it. It is commonly used in landscaping, civil engineering, and construction projects to stabilize slopes, prevent erosion, and create usable spaces on uneven terrain.
2. Retaining walls are typically built in areas where there is a significant difference in elevation or where there is a need to prevent the movement of soil or rock masses. They are commonly found in residential yards, commercial properties, highways, and agricultural fields.
3. The primary function of a retaining wall is to resist the lateral pressure exerted by the soil or other materials behind it. This pressure can arise due to factors such as the weight of the soil, water accumulation, or slope inclination. By providing structural support, the retaining wall helps to prevent the soil from sliding or collapsing.

2. where retaining walls are applied in practice ? Retaining walls are commonly used in various applications where there is a need to hold back soil, earth, or other materials and prevent them from sliding or eroding. Some of the common practical applications of retaining walls include:

1. Slope Stabilization: Retaining walls are used to stabilize slopes and prevent soil erosion or landslides. They can be constructed on hillsides or steep slopes to provide support and stability to the underlying soil.
2. Highway and Road Construction: Retaining walls are frequently employed in road and highway construction to create level surfaces and prevent soil from encroaching onto the road. They help in maintaining the integrity of the road and ensure safety for vehicles.
3. Waterfront Structures: Retaining walls are utilized in waterfront areas to prevent erosion and protect adjacent land from the force of water. They are commonly used along coastlines, riverbanks, and lakeshores to retain the soil and provide stability.
4. Residential and Commercial Developments: Retaining walls are often incorporated into residential and commercial developments to create usable land on sloping terrain. They are used to create leveled areas for buildings, driveways, parking lots, and landscaped spaces.
5. Basement and Foundation Support: Retaining walls are employed in building construction to support basements and foundations. They help in preventing the soil around the building from exerting pressure on the structure, ensuring stability and preventing damage.
6. Landscaping and Garden Design: Retaining walls are used in landscaping and garden design to create terraces, raised flower beds, and seating areas. They add visual interest to the landscape while also providing functional support to the soil and plants.
7. Railway and Bridge Construction: Retaining walls are utilized in railway and bridge construction to stabilize the embankments and prevent soil movement. They help in maintaining the integrity of the tracks and bridge abutments.
8. Industrial Applications: Retaining walls find applications in industrial settings such as mining operations, quarries, and storage yards. They provide support to

the surrounding soil and help in managing the storage of materials. The retaining wall design and construction should be carried out by professionals who consider factors such as soil conditions, water drainage, load requirements, and local regulations to ensure their effectiveness and safety.

3. What are the different types of retaining walls ?

There are several different types of retaining walls, each designed to suit specific conditions and requirements. Here are some common types of retaining walls:

1. Gravity Retaining Walls: Gravity walls rely on their weight and mass to resist the pressure of the retained soil. They are typically made of concrete or stone and are thicker at the base and gradually taper towards the top. Gravity walls are suitable for lower walls and are cost-effective for retaining moderate heights of soil.
2. Cantilever Retaining Walls: Cantilever walls are reinforced concrete structures that use a horizontal base called a footing and a vertical wall connected by a horizontal slab or beam. The wall and footing are designed to work together to resist the soil pressure. Cantilever walls are commonly used for medium to high retaining wall heights and can be more economical than gravity walls for larger wall heights.
3. Sheet Pile Retaining Walls: Sheet pile walls are constructed using interlocking steel, vinyl, or wooden sheets driven into the ground. They are commonly used in waterfront areas and for temporary excavations. Sheet pile walls are effective in soils with limited space and can be easily installed and removed.
4. Anchored Retaining Walls: Anchored walls use cables or other tensioning devices to provide additional lateral support to the retaining wall. The cables are anchored into the soil or rock behind the wall, creating an anchoring system that resists the soil pressure. Anchored walls are suitable for taller retaining walls or where space is limited.
5. Gabion Retaining Walls: Gabion walls are constructed by filling wire baskets or cages with rocks or other suitable materials. They are flexible and can accommodate slight settlement without causing structural damage. Gabion walls are often used in landscaping and erosion control applications.
6. Reinforced Soil Retaining Walls: Reinforced soil walls use layers of soil or granular fill reinforced with geosynthetic materials, such as geotextiles or geogrids. The reinforcing materials add tensile strength to the soil, allowing for taller and more stable walls. These walls are commonly used for highway and bridge construction.
7. Modular Block Retaining Walls: Modular block walls consist of precast concrete blocks that interlock with each other. They are easy to install and offer flexibility in design. Modular block walls are commonly used in landscaping and residential applications.
8. Tied-back Retaining Walls: Tied-back walls are similar to anchored walls, but they use horizontal tendons or rods instead of cables for reinforcement. The tendons or rods are anchored into the soil or rock behind the wall, providing additional support.

The selection of the appropriate type of retaining wall depends on factors such as soil conditions, height and load requirements, available space, aesthetics, and project budget. It's important to consult with a qualified engineer or professional to determine the most suitable retaining wall type for a specific application.

The present cantilever retaining wall parts and dimensions.

Three dimension cantilever retaing wall looks like this!!!

Download staad file into desktop computer :

01.

02.